The Internet vs. the Nation-State: Prevention and Prosecution Challenges on the Internet in Republic of TürkiyI

Social, economic, and technological developments are widely accepted as powerful forces that affect the role, power, and functions of nation-states. Being one of the most influential technological developments in the recent decades, the internet has come into prominence in this regard. With the use of the Internet, the monopoly of media and information controlled by official ideologies, capitalist barons, or elites is seriously challenged. Consequently the power balance between individuals and authorities in the mass media and communication has been transformed in a significant way. Though their reliability may sometimes be questionable, the number and type of information resources has increased dramatically, and accessing information has become easier substantially. People are more interconnected today than ever before. They can easily find, join, or construct their personal, social or political networks. With a number of internet applications and social media, collective reactions, social movements and activities are more organized and effective today than ever before. That is why we have seen so much social fluctuation, unrest. protest, and political activism all over the world in the last few years. Moreover new terms and phenomena like cyber-crime, cyber warfare, and cyber-attacks have urged nation-states to be more careful about the internet and increase their efforts to control it. This level of social chaos in different states and increasing cyber-crimes lead us to question the effectiveness of nation-states\u27 controlling measures. Focusing on one state, the Republic of Türkiye, this study analyzes two important dimensions of state control efforts, prevention and prosecution. On the prevention side, I explore the effectiveness of internet access blocking. On the prosecution side, I analyze the effectiveness of prosecution in internet child pornography. The result of testing to measure the effectiveness of Internet website blocking reveals that there are significant gaps, complications, and dilemmas in these policies. A similar situation is also seen in the investigations of internet child pornography. Analysis conducted of the operational investigation files reveals that in most of the files, suspects could not be identified, traced or brought before judicial authorities. As seen in these two fields, state policing efforts of the Internet in a country are not absolute, and the Internet can be a vulnerable space in which any local or foreign actor or agents like criminals, opposition groups, terrorists can create problems for nation-states

Hepatoprotective actions of melatonin by mainly modulating oxidative status and apoptosis rate in lipopolysaccharide-induced liver damage

Aim: One of the serious complications of sepsis is liver damage and liver failure. This study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic potential of melatonin in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. Main methods: Female Spraque–Dawley rats received single a dose of 7.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide in saline to create a 24-h sepsis model. One of the other groups received melatonin at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day beginning 1 week before sepsis induction to the end of the experiment. The melatonin group received the same doses of melatonin for the same duration but not lipopolysaccharide. The vehicle group received the same doses of saline, the vehicle of melatonin, for the same duration. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the rats were decapitated. By appropriate histochemical, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular techniques, anti-necrotic, anti-apoptotic, anti-necroptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of melatonin were assessed. Key findings: Lipopolysaccharide has disrupted liver functions by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, necrotic, apoptotic, and necroptotic cell death, thus disrupting liver functions. Melatonin was found to be beneficial in terms of inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and tissue oxidant levels, stimulating tissue antioxidant enzyme levels, and restoring hepatocyte functions. Significance: Melatonin, at those doses and duration, was found to be hepatoprotective by mainly modulating oxidative status and apoptosis rate, however, failed to significantly reduce histopathological damage. We suggest that longer-term melatonin administration may produce anti-inflammatory and anti-necrotic effects as well. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Nöroloji Staj Notları

Nöroloji Staj NotlarıBu kitap, Dönem V Nöroloji Stajı boyunca öğrencilerin elinde temel bir rehber olmasını sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Hastaya, hikayesine ve bulgularına bir bilmece gibi yaklaşmak, lezyon “nerededir?” ve “nedir?” sorularının yanıtını aramak nörolojiyi zevkli kılan özelliklerdir. İyi bir hikaye almanın önemi hemen her bölümde vurgulanmıştır. Klinik nörolojinin temel ve güncel kavramlarını içermekle birlikte tüm bilgiyi 200 sayfalık bu kitapçığa sığdırmak mümkün değildir. Eksik konular için önerilen kaynaklar kitabın sonunda verilmiştir. Bu ikinci baskıda öğrencilerden ve öğretim üyelerinden gelen görüşler doğrultusunda düzeltmeler yapılmış, nöroanatomik kısa bilgiler ve güncel kavramlar eklenmiştir. Bilgiye ulaşmak için çok çeşitli kaynakların var olduğu bir dönemde, elde temel bir kitabın var olmasının, öğrencinin araştırmacı yönünü azaltmayacağını, aksine artıracağını umuyoruz

Nöroloji Ders Kitabı

Değerli meslektaşlarımızın okuduğu ilk nöroloji kitabı olacağı düşüncesiyle yazılmış ve Hacettepe stajyer ders notlarını kapsayan bu kitabın tüm ülkeye yararlı olması dileğiyle. H.Ü.T.F. Nöroloji Öğretim Üyeler

The Complex Genetic Landscape of Hereditary Ataxias in Turkey and Implications in Clinical Practice

Background The genetic and epidemiological features of hereditary ataxias have been reported in several populations; however, Turkey is still unexplored. Due to high consanguinity, recessive ataxias are more common in Turkey than in Western European populations